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¡¡¡¡The American party system is a twoª²way system which is unlikely to become anything else. ¢ÙIt is not just that the twoª²party polarization has the weight of tradition behind it but also that the twoª²party polarization is built into our constitutional and legal system. Our entire electoral arrangements the absence of proportional representation, the exorbitant cost of political campaigns, the legal difficulties in getting on and staying on the ballot in many states, all these things work against the rise of minor parties. Also the singleª²member legislative district, the division of power between the nation and the states, the method of electing a president with the winnerª²takeª²all system in the electoral college, the very leadership function of the Presidency itself, work to keep power in the hands of the two major parties. Major parties ( like the Federalists and the Wings ) have broken up and been replaced as new parties have emerged in the past. But no minor party has ever gradually risen to achieve the stature of a major party, and no third party has lasted very long in any prominent capacity.

¡¡¡¡All this is not to say that third parties do not have a function in the American system. However, their function is largely that of pressure groups, and in this respect they are a curious combination of European specialª²interest parties and American interest groups. They have at various times been useful in bringing to the fore the interests of neglected groups in the public at large. The Populist party of the 1890¬ðs was a notable case in point. ¢ÚWhat happens characteristically, however, is that as soon as third parties begin to make their mark, one or both of the major parties appropriates enough of their principles or program to absorb the discontent on which they were flourishing. For this reason it has been said that third parties are like bees: once they have stung they must die.

1. All the following things work against the rise of a minor party except .
Aª±the electoral arrangements
Bª±the absence of proportional representation
Cª±the singleª²member legislative district
Dª±the discontent of the neglected groups in the public

2. What¬ðs one of the functions of the minor parties ?
Aª±They say no to the proposals of the major parties.
Bª±They strike a balance among different parties.
Cª±They help the major parties in administering the country.
Dª±They speak up for the interests of the neglected groups.

3. What is not true about the major parties in the United States?
Aª±They have been broken up and replaced by new parties in the past.
Bª±They have never been broken up.
Cª±They make use of the principles or program proposed by minor parties.
Dª±The twoª²party system is likely to remain unchanged.

4. What does the sentence ¡°... once they have stung they must die¡± suggest ?
Aª±The third parties are bees and sting.
Bª±When the third parties have stung people, they have to die.
Cª±When the third parties are against the major parties, they would have to disappear from the American political scene.
Dª±When the third parties make themselves the enemy of the major parties, they have stung.

5. In ¡°one or both of the major parties appropriates enough of their principles or program to absorb the discontent on which they were flourishing¡±, what does ¡°they¡± refer to?
Aª±The major parties
Bª±The minor parties
Cª±The neglected groups
Dª±Both the minor parties and major parties

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